Fig. 5

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the four models in the training cohort (a) and validation cohort (b). The blue, green, and orange solid lines represent the Clinical, T-RO, and P-RO models, respectively. The green and purple dotted line represent the TP-RO and C-RO models. In the training cohort, the P-RO and C-RO models were considered statistically significant (p = 0.036)