Fig. 4

Prediction performance of ML models. (a) ROC curves of 11 ML models in the validation set. (b) ROC curves of the LGBM model in the training, validation, and test sets (c-e) Confusion matrices for the (c) training, (d) validation, and (e) test sets. (f-h) Calibration curves for the (f) training, (g) validation, and (h) test sets. (i-k) Decision curves for the (i) training, (j) validation, and (k) test sets. ML, machine learning; LGBM, light gradient boosting machine; ROC, receiver operating characteristic