Fig. 6

Bar charts illustrating the diagnostic performance of PTs-HDM and six radiologists for breast tumors of different sizes (< 2 cm, 2–4 cm, ≥ 4 cm), across six key metrics: Accuracy, Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value, Negative Predictive Value, and F1-score. PTs-HDM, phyllodes tumors hierarchical diagnosis model; FAs, fibroadenomas; PTs, phyllodes tumors; -B, Benign; -M, Borderline/Malignant; +, with PTs-HDM assistance