Fig. 2

Voxel-based analysis showing differences in tumor location between epilepsy and non- epilepsy groups. The color bar represents t-scores, where red indicates higher t-scores and blue indicates negative t-scores. The epilepsy group presented higher positive t-scores in the temporal region (red and yellow) and negative t-scores in the basal ganglia and midbrain region (blue). Differences with a p < 0.01 were considered statistically significant. The peak MNI coordinates of the significant clusters identified in the voxel-based analysis. Specifically, the epilepsy group showed significantly increased tumor involvement in the temporal cortex with peak MNI coordinates at (-36, 0, -18) and (30, 0, -24), while the non-epilepsy group demonstrated significant involvement in the basal ganglia and midbrain with a peak MNI coordinate at (-3, -9, -12)